North America to See An Eclipse of the Blue Moon January 31

On Wednesday morning, January 31, residents of North America (and particularly those on the west coast) will experience a rare triple event:

* The full moon will enter the Earth’s shadow and show a total eclipse (turning the full moon into a dark reddish disk)

* This will be the second full moon in the same month – something we call a blue moon

* And it will be a “supermoon,” where the Moon is full just as it’s closest to our planet Earth (this last thing by itself is not especially rare; in fact it will be third “supermoon” in a row).

Having all three together is unusual. The last time we had a blue moon totally eclipsed in the U.S. was more than 150 years ago.

Here are the times of the eclipse of the Moon on the morning of January 31 in different U.S. time zones:

Eclipse Circumstance                  Pacific Mountain Central Eastern

Partial eclipse begins                 3:48 am 4:48 am 5:48 am 6:48 am
Total eclipse begins                   4:52 am 5:52 am 6:52 am ---
Total eclipse ends                      6:08 am 7:08 am ---         ---
Partial eclipse ends                    7:11 am ---         ---         ---

--- means that Moon has already set (is below the horizon)

You can see that in the eastern half of the U.S., the full Moon sets before the total eclipse or just as the eclipse is getting good, but in the western half of the U.S., some or all of the eclipse will be ready to delight those who can get up early (before the Sun does) that morning.

If you are planning to get up to see the last part of the total eclipse, there is one other factor to keep in mind. The eclipsed Moon is setting in the west as the Sun is rising in the east. That means you have to have a clear sight-line toward the western horizon for the eclipse. If buildings or trees block your view in that direction, you could miss the event. So scout out the location where you plan to be in advance. (Maps and charts can be seen at: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/obser…/january-lunar-eclipse/ )

Note: Only the total eclipse turns the Moon an eerie dark red (because of the bending of red light in the Earth’s atmosphere.) Once the total eclipse is over, the reddish effect that eclipse fans like (and the media call a "blood moon") will be gone.

Our remarkable photo, by Elias Politis, shows a 2011 lunar eclipse sequence over the Acropolis in Greece. Click on the image to see it larger.

Mars: Close and Easy to See (And Wet Long Ago)

Tonight, if you look southeast, you can see Mars as a bright red dot next to the full Moon. Mars is in one of its closer positions, about 48 million miles away. Mars is in what astronomers call "opposition" right now (which is not a term related to the Bernie and Hilary situation!)

When Mars is in opposition, it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun. This means that when the Sun goes down, Mars comes up in our skies, and Mars will be up all night long. (Looking at our diagram from Sky & Telescope magazine, you should also be able to find Saturn this evening or tomorrow night, lower toward the horizon than Mars.)

In recent weeks, even more evidence has been accumulating that ancient Mars, billions of years ago, had a much thicker atmosphere and water was therefore liquid on its surface. Astronomers now believe that there were once lakes and even perhaps seas on the red planet. Recently, planetary scientists even found what seems like evidence of two episodes of tsunamis that happened on Mars a long time ago, when a big chunk of rock or ice from space hit a larger body of water.

For details of this investigation, see: http://www.psi.edu/news/marstsunami

(Also check out a great new Hubble image of Mars at:
http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1609/ )

Comet ISON Ready for its Thanksgiving Date with Destiny

When it was discovered in 2012 as a new comet coming from deep space, some observers predicted Comet ISON would become so bright in our skies it would be the "Comet of the Century." Wiser heads knew, as comet hunter David Levy likes to say, "Comets are like cats. They have tails and they do precisely what they want!"

For a while, the comet seemed disappointing. But this week, on its way in to a close encounter with the Sun, Comet ISON started putting on a somewhat better show (as you can see in the image, taken by the skillful UK astro-photographer Damian Peach.) The comet now has two nice tails, one made of dust, the other of gas, pointing in the direction away from the Sun.

The comet is currently visible in the pre-dawn sky, but only barely and only when it's really dark. It's better with binoculars or telescopes. The excitement, however, is just beginning. Comet ISON is what astronomers call a "sungrazer" -- a comet that comes indecently close to our Sun. It just so happens, the closest encounter -- only about 3/4 of a million miles from the Sun's surface -- will be on Thanksgiving Day 2013.

The solid "nucleus" of this comet -- a chunk of frozen ices and rock -- is now estimated to be somewhere between 1/4 and 3/4 of a mile across. The Sun's heat could vaporize much of its ice and rock and the Sun's gravity could tear it apart into smaller chunks. Past sungrazing comets have had one or both of these things happen. So it could emerge from its date with the Sun one smaller but strongly evaporating comet, or as several comets spread out over a wider area, or as nothing more than a subtle trail of gas and dust.

If Comet ISON survives Thanksgiving, it will swing away from the Sun and emerge into our dark skies going northward from the plane of our solar system. Should there be enough of it left to make a show, that show will be visible to us in December and January. Around January 8th, for example, it will be near the north star, remaining in our view all night long. (But by then it will likely be much fainter.)

As we say on the radio, "Stay Tuned!" I will give you more updates on this interesting new visitor to our cosmic neighborhood in future posts.

If your want bulletins on Comet ISON between my posts, or need more technical information, see the "Current Status" page at NASA’s Comet ISON Campaign: http://isoncampaign.org/Present and then look around on that site.

[If you search the web for Comet ISON information, beware of the nutty websites predicting a collision with Earth or some other reason for the end of the world. The closest the comet will get to Earth is about 40 million miles on Dec. 26th. That's far enough that we can all sleep soundly at night.]

Crescent Moon and Venus Get Close Sunday Night Sept. 8

A minor, but cute, pairing is visible in the sky tomorrow. It happens soon after sunset and you can only see it if you have an unobstructed view of the west-southwest horizon. (For many of us that means we will have to get high -- only in the geographical sense, mind you!! Typically, our view is blocked by buildings, trees, hills, etc. and we can't see the western horizon.) But if you get to a place where you can see low in the west Sunday evening, you will see a very thin crescent Moon and the bright planet Venus just to the right of it.

You can start looking about a half hour after the Sun sets on Sunday and you'll see it best about 45 minutes after sunset. But don't wait too long to catch it; soon both objects will set in the West, and disappear from your view.

When Venus is visible just after sunset, people call it the evening star. But it's not a star at all, but a planet -- our neighbor planet just sunward of the Earth. It reflects quite a bit of sunlight both because it's close to the Sun and because it's covered with clouds that are quite reflective. (In fact Venus is so cloudy, there hasn't been a clear day there in 3 billion years. I like to cheer up my friends in Seattle by telling them that.)

As you can see in the nice diagram, which I borrowed from the good people at Sky & Telescope magazine, if you look further up and to the left, you will also see the planet Saturn in the same part of the sky. The distance in the sky between the Moon and Saturn should be about the width of your clenched fist, if you hold out your hand at arm's length. If you have binoculars or a telescope, you can enhance your view, but if you don't have an instrument, it's still fun to look. If you have kids, bring them outside and show them the sight too. It couldn't hurt to impress them with your knowledge of the universe while they are young.

For more information, you can see the full story at the Sky & Telescope web site: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/highlights/Crescent-Moon-and-Venus-Put-on-a-Show-222505621.html

Look Up in the Sky Monday Night

As the Sun sets on Monday evening, Jan. 21, and you face South and look up, you should see a pretty sight. The planet Jupiter will be very close to the Moon, almost cheek to cheek with it. Their "closest approach" in the sky will be around 7 pm Pacific time.

The two just happen to look close on the sky -- in reality, Jupiter is 1,700 times further away. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system -- eleven Earths could fit side by side into its diameter.

As an extra treat, you get to see the bright star Aldebaran just below the Moon-Jupiter pair. Aldebaran, the reddish eye of the bull figure that gives its name to the constellation of Taurus, is a cool giant star, about 44 times as wide as the Sun. It is about 67 light years away, meaning the light we see tonight took 67 years to get to Earth. If you could see Aldebaran up close, it would shine over 400 times as bright as the Sun. But with all that distance between it and us, it's just a reddish point in our sky.

As you can see in the diagram, the Moon and Jupiter are already close tonight and will still be close on Tuesday night. But Monday is the best time to look up. Take the kids outside in the evening or make a date to be outside with someone with whom you like to spend time in the dark.

(Thanks to Sky & Telescope magazine for the diagram I am showing.)

Extremely Deep View of the Universe

Last month, the Hubble Space Telescope released one of the most impressive astronomical images ever taken and I wanted to share it with you. Called the Hubble Extremely Deep Field, it shows a tiny, tiny portion of the sky in the constellation of Fornax -- a portion about the same size (angle) in our sky as one of the smaller dark splotches (maria) you can see on the Moon.

Between 2002 and 2012, a team of astronomers kept photographing this same bit of sky over and over again for 2 million seconds (almost 23 days) and the results, as you can see, are spectacular. Almost every bit of light you see on the accompanying picture is a galaxy (a collection of millions and, more likely, billions of stars). Some are so far away, light from them is estimated to take 13 billion YEARS to reach us!

This means that when you look at the faintest objects in this picture you are looking almost back to the beginning of time (the Big Bang is estimated to have taken place 13.7 billions years ago.) Some 5,500 galaxies are visible in the small frame of this image and they range in distance and time over billions of lightyears and years. In such images, which are like core samples in geology, astronomers can study the history of structure and matter in the universe.

The Hubble scientists have done this before, taking previous sets of deep images called the Hubble Deep Field and then the Hubble Ultra-deep Field.  But the current image (above) shows by far the deepest view (seeing the faintest galaxies and light from longest ago.)